The book includes relevant medical, psychological, and developmental information to help service providers and parents to understand children with disabilities. In this revised edition, the author has updated or eliminated some of the medical information and added more related music therapy literature. This book can be used as a valuable handbook for clinicians. Also, it may be used as a primary or supplemental textbook in classes to prepare music therapy students to work with children who have disabilities. All music therapy students who complete an undergraduate curriculum should know the characteristics and common needs of the major disabilities discussed in this book. In addition, class work and clinical experiences must include basic techniques and materials used to accomplish the goals and objectives set for each child. This is addressed in a manner that will be useful to all personnel working with children with disabilities.The first two chapters describe the process of assessment and delineation of goals in music therapy, which leads to the design of the music therapy portion of the IEP or care plan. Subsequent evaluation allows progress to be stated objectively. The remaining chapters describe each population of children to be served, with emphasis on medical and psychological characteristics unique to each population, and specific goals and procedures to be used in music therapy. The CAMEOS model is used in this book to address the child’s Communication, Academic, Motor, Emotional, Organizational, and Social needs and ways these may be addressed through music therapy. Whether the child is homebound, included in regular classes, seen in a resource room or special education program, or in hospital care, he/she has needs that can be described within the CAMEOS model. Music therapy may provide service in each of these areas. Table of Contents: Preface to the Second Edition Introduction Chapter 1. MUSIC THERAPY ASSESSMENT OF HANDICAPPED CHILDREN Content of the Assessment Session Communication Skills Expressive Verbal Skills Receptive Verbal Skills Nonverbal Expressive Skills Nonverbal Receptive Skills Academic Skills Letters, Colors, Numbers Reading Writing Knowledge Space Self Time Motor Skills Perceptual Motor Skills Use of Hands and Feet Prehensile Reflex or Handgrasp Reflex Radial-Palmer Grasp Cross-Palmer Grasp Pincer Grasp Eye-Hand Coordination Locomotion Skills Agility Cross Laterality Emotional Behavior Anxiety Depression Organizational Behavior Structure of the Environment Events within a Session Social Skills Needed in School Definition Choices That Lead to Social Interaction References Music Therapy Assessment Form 2. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES FOR CHILDREN IN MUSIC THERAPY Music Therapy to Improve or Change Behaviors Needed in School Common Goals in Music Therapy Cultural Considerations Communication Encourage Imitation Sound vs. No Sound Responsive Behavior Expressive Communication Academic Skills Increase Attention Span Following Instructions: Simple or Sequential Motor Skills Rhythm as a Source of Energy and Motivation to Move Muscle Tone and Circulation Eye-Hand Coordination Locomotion Skills Developmental Considerations Emotional Behavior Elicit an Emotional Response Relaxation Training Developmental Goals Organizational Ability Social Skills References 3. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES Intellectual Disabilities Intelligence Quotient, Adaptive Behavior, and Age Intelligence Adaptive Functioning Age Levels of Intellectual Disabilities and Music Therapy Mild Intellectual Disability Moderate Intellectual Disability Severe Intellectual Disability Profound Intellectual Disability Causes and Symptoms of Intellectual Disabilities Genetic Causes of Intellectual Disabilities Down Syndrome Physical Characteristics of DS Related Health Problems Alzheimer’s Disease Visual Acuity Heart Disease Leukemia Temperament Speech Problems Other Genetic Causes of Intellectual Disabilities Tuberous Sclerosis Klinefelter Syndrome Turner Syndrome Metabolic and Storage Disorders Phenylketonuria (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Deficiency) Galactosemia Mucopolysaccaharidoses Type 1 Endocrine Disorder Congenital Hypothyroid Syndrome Cranial Anomalies Microcephaly Hydrocephalus Apert’s Syndrome (Acrocephalosyndactylia) Infections Bacterial Meningitis Viral Meningitis Fungal Meningitis Traumatic Brain Injury Music Therapy for Children with Intellectual Disabilities Communication Academic Motor Emotional Organization Social References 4. PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism Causes of Autism Characteristics Social Interaction Communication Musical Behavior Motor Behavior Effectiveness of Music Therapy with ASD Rett Syndrome Asperger’s Syndrome Childhood Disintegrative Disorder Pervasive Developmental Disorders Not Otherwise Specified References 5. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS Mood Disorders in Children Depression Hypomanic Episodes Bereavement Anxiety Disorders Schizophrenia with Childhood Onset References 6. OTHER BEHAVIOR DISORDERS Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Intermittent Explosive Disorder Conduct Disorder Substance-Related Disorders Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Psychological Issues Related to Eating Disorders Avoidance Compulsive Behavior Depression Obsessive Behavior Low Self-Esteem Control Issues Substitution Treatment Music Therapy for Teens with Eating Disorders Abused and/or Neglected Children Mandatory Reporting Physical Abuse Sexual Abuse Neglect Viewing the Family as a Unit Music Therapy References 7. SPEECH- AND LANGUAGE-IMPAIRED CHILDREN Language Acquisition and Language Impairment Theories of Communication Acquisition of Language Nonverbal Communication Speech and Language Disability Factors Leading to Speech Problems Specific Language Impairment Environmental Factors Music Therapy Procedures Communication Expressive Speech Receptive Speech Academic Vocabulary Acquisition Conceptual Terms Motor Skills Motor Aspects of Articulation Listening Followed by Imitation Emotional/Social Organizational Skills References 1 8. MUSIC THERAPY FOR CHILDREN WHO ARE DEAF OR HARD-OF-HEARING Demographics and Family Support Mainstreamed Classes Inclusion Growth and Development Physical Development of the Ear Ear Examination Causes of Hearing Impairment Genetic Causes of Deafness Infection External Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear Mastoiditis Meningitis Viral Infections Tumors Injuries Drugs Trauma Noise Central Hearing Impairment Sensory Aids Hearing Aids Listening Devices Alerting Devices Telephone Usage Television Devices Cochlear Implants Tactile Aids Children with Unilateral Hearing Loss Mild to Moderate Hearing Oral English Bilingualism Manually Coded English American Sign Language Total Communication Deaf Culture versus Integration Into Hearing Society Music Therapy Communication Academics Motor Skills Social/Emotional Development Self-Identity Psychological Adjustment Organization Legislation References 9. CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS OR BLINDNESS Poverty and Risk of Blindness Blind Education The Eye Examination Refraction Growth and Development Pediatric Testing Other Disorders of Vision Disorders of Eye Movement Diseases of the Retina Chorioretinitis Retinoblastoma Retinitis Pigmentosa Retinopathy of Prematurity Childhood Glaucoma Infections of the Eye Optic Nerve Anomalies Eye Injuries Communication Listening Skill Print Readers Expressive Communication Receptive and Interactive Communication Academic Visual and Motor Communication Environmental Considerations Reading Computer Technology Individualized Transition Plan Motor Motivation to Move Orientation and Mobility Electronic Travel Aids Canes Spatial Concepts Social/Emotional Orientation and Organizational Skills Orientation to Self Orientation to Space Orientation to Time References 10. CHILDREN WITH ORTHOPEDIC IMPAIRMENTS Definition Growth and Development Antenatal Diagnosis Neonates Postnatal Diagnostic Signs of Neuromuscular Problems Symmetrical Neck Reflexes Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflexes Tonic Labyrinthine Reflexes Moro Response More Common and Seriously Disabling Conditions Cerebral Palsy Other Disabilities Related to Cerebral Palsy Clinical Classifications 286 Spastic Cerebral Palsy 286 Dyskinesia (Choreoathetosis) Ataxia Psychological Issues Related to Cerebral Palsy |