In this book, Even Ruud argues for the value of humanities as a basis for the theory and practice of music therapy. With the humanities he includes a broad range of academic disciplines, such as those from the social sciences as well as from philosophy, education, and not least, systematic musicology. Through ten chapters, the author discusses some basic principles of a humanistic outlook and how these may affect music therapy. He takes departure from the relational turn in psychotherapy and discusses concepts such as communicative musicality, “thirdness” in improvisation and the concept of recognition, as it relates to critical philosophy. Continuing the thread from his earlier book, Ruud goes on to discuss musical identity, but this time from a developmental point of view, i.e. how music serves different functions in the formation of our identities throughout life. Basic to the humanistic outlook on music therapy will be a concern for our conception of music, and how we deal with aesthetic theories. Drawing from the recent philosophies of body and gesture, Ruud suggests a bodily foundation for the experience of meaning in music, with implication for our understanding of therapeutic improvisation, such as in creative music therapy, or listening, as exemplified by the BMGIM-approach. The next chapters deal with clinical perspectives, and theories from empowerment theory, and notions on health and quality of life lead into a chapter on community music therapy. A whole chapter is also devoted to philosophies of science. In his concluding chapter, Ruud announces a new direction for music therapy, how the everyday musicking through smart phones and mp3-technology may initiate a new area in the use of music as self-caring technology. Contents Foreword Chapter 1 The Tradition from the Humanities 1 A Field of Struggle—A Culture of Questioning / 4 Roles and Identities / 5 Cosmologies of Music and Healing / 8 Nonverbal Meanings / 9 History as Legitimation / 12 Basic Principles of a Humanistic Outlook / 15 Caring for the Individual and the Respect for Human Dignity / 16 Empathy / 17 Critical Aspects / 18 Self-determination / 18 Symbols, Metaphors and Meanings / 19 Chapter 2 The Relational Turn 21 Basic Needs / 21 Communicative Musicality / 23 The Lullaby as a Communicative Event / 26 Affect Attunement, RIGS, and Lived Stories / 29 “Thirdness” and Improvisation / 32 Recognition as a Philosophical Basis / 34 Further Relational Aspects / 36 Chapter 3 Musical Identity in a Developmental Perspective 37 Senses of Self-in-Relationship / 39 Competency and Empowerment / 41 Individuality and Autonomy / 42 Values and Authenticities / 45 Consolidation and Regulation / 47 Recollection and Integration / 48 Performing Identity in Music Therapy / 50 Music and Identity in Action / 51 Ethical Responsibility / 51 Self-knowledge / 52 Working with Clients / 53 Chapter 4 Musical Meaning in Music Therapy 54 The Concept of Musical Affordance / 59 Embodied Meaning in Music / 61 A Cognitive Perspective / 63 Improvisation and Gestural Communication as Being-in-Time-Together / 66 The Body in Musical Communication / 68 Chapter 5 Dimensions of Aesthetics in Music Therapy 73 Functions of Music in Music Therapy / 75 Aesthetics as Performative Acts / 78 Music Centered? / 79 A Note on Analysis and Music Therapy / 82 Chapter 6 Enabling and Empowerment 87 Positive Psychology / 88 Strengths and Resources / 90 Positive Emotions / 92 Principles of Empowerment / 96 Goals, Needs, and Resources / 97 Looking for Community Support / 97 Corroboration and Recognition / 98 Empowerment as both Approach and Goal / 98 From Empowerment to Citizenship / 98 Disempowering Soundscapes / 99 Silence—an Enabling Condition / 100 Chapter 7 Health and Quality of Life 102 Performance of Health, Identity, and Lifestyle / 105 Health, the Eudaimonic Approach and the Good Life / 107 Health as Participation—the Missing Link / 108 Musicking for Life Quality / 110 Health is Relational / 112 Vitality and Self-expression / 112 Competency and Empowerment Through Mindful Practice / 113 Music as Social Capital / 115 Meaning and Coherence in Life / 117 Chapter 8 Systemic Aspects 120 A Critical Tradition / 120 Context / 122 Culture / 122 The Concept of Illness and the Definition of Music Therapy / 123 Ecological and Environmental Music Therapy / 124 Performance-based Music Therapy / 126 Toward a Community Music Therapy / 126 Definitions / 128 Four examples / 130 Communal Musicking / 130 Music Inside and Outside of Prison / 132 Music with Hospitalized Children / 132 Music Therapy in Rehabilitation / 133 Chapter 9 Reflexivity and the Philosophy of Science 139 Reflexivity / 140 Empirical Documentation / 141 From Positivism to Phenomenology / 142 The Need for Interpretation / 144 Hermeneutics / 145 The Need for Criticism / 149 Critical Theory / 149 Reflexivity in Language / 152 Postmodern Currents / 152 Chapter 10 Musicking as Self-care 157 Music as a Cultural Immunogen—Three Narratives / 161 The Theologian Who Cured His Asthma with Singing / 161 Musicking as a Catalyst for Stress And Anger / 165 Overcoming Depression and Social Phobia / 167 Musical Strategies / 170 Improvisation, Composing/Songwriting, and Performing Music / 171 Performance / 173 Listening as Self-care / 173 Music Affords New Actions / 178 Sources Literature
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